Data Ice mass variability was quantified using GRACE and GRACE-FO gravimetry data50 spanning 2003–2024. SMB (precipitation minus meltwater runoff, sublimation, evaporation and wind erosion) outputs from RACMO2.4p1 (ref. 51) and MARv3.14 (refs. 52,53) were used to link precipitation variability to observed ice mass changes. Precipitation variability was assessed using several independent datasets, including ERA5 (ref.
