Protein extraction Proteins were extracted from bone powder of Xujiayao hominin samples and animal samples from the same layer (Supplementary Tables 1 and 9) using previously published methods61,62. All sample preparations were performed using personal protective equipment in the dedicated clean room for ancient protein analysis in the Molecular Paleontology Laboratory, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology
Archaeological site and samples Bianfu Cave (26° 27′ 43.65′′ N, 100° 09′ 55.45′′ E) is in Heqing County, western Yunnan Province in southwestern China, approximately 2 km south of the Yinhe River, a secondary tributary of the Yangtze River (Fig. 1a). In 2019, the Yunnan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and other cooperative institutes conducted excavations on this site. The stratigraphy
Krause, J. et al. The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia. Nature 464, 894–897 (2010). Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Reich, D. et al. Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature 468, 1053–1060 (2010). Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google
