Patient recruitment and sample collection Specimens were obtained from 20 patients, including histopathologically normal tissue (n = 20, flash-frozen tissue), primary tumour samples (n = 24; 16 FFPE and 8 flash-frozen tissue) and 1–7 metastases per patient (n = 80, flash-frozen tissue). Details of tissue source, location, histology, among other information, for each sample are provided in Supplementary Table 1. Autopsy
Biospecimen processing and quality control Before extracting nucleic acids, pathology quality control (QC) was performed on all frozen and FFPE tumours and normal specimens. From frozen tissue, a 30 mg or smaller piece was prepared, or an equivalent amount of scrolls were cut from a FFPE block, with sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin taken from
Source and culture conditions of NextGen cancer models The source of each of the NextGen models is provided in Supplementary Table 1. In brief, breast cancer organoid models were derived by the laboratories of A.V.L., S.O. and D.L.S. Most of the NextGen CNS tumour models were derived by the laboratory of K.L.L. Colorectal and oesophagus–stomach
Ethical approval and sample collection All necessary ethical approvals to conduct this work and to ensure that the derived organoids could be used for academic and commercial purposes were obtained from each participating clinical site for the collection of patient samples as well as for the Wellcome Sanger Institute for organoid derivation (IRAS ID:203519; REC