Chemicals and reagents Fucoidan from F. vesiculosus (Sigma-Aldrich, F8190, lot no. 0000485452) was used as the primary substrate throughout this study. Additional F. vesiculosus fucoidans were obtained from Marinova (FVF2021547) and Biosynth (YF57714). Fucoidans from other species were sourced from Fucus serratus (Biosynth, YF09360), Fucus evanescens (OceanBasis and extracted as described previously60), Cladosiphon okamuranus (Biosynth,
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