Aluminum has left an indelible mark on the world: more than 3 billion tons of red sludge, a waste product of the refining process, are currently stored in open-air ponds or mounds. But for Sumedh Gostu, co-founder and CEO of Fast Metals, there is a treasure in caustic waste. “It’s a very rich resource,” he
When China tightened export licenses for seven rare earth elements in April 2025, Western governments responded in the same way they have to every other critical minerals crisis of the past five years. The European Union accelerated the issuance of extraction permits under the Critical Raw Materials Act. The United States expanded subsidies for domestic