Animals SPF WT C57BL/6J (JAX, 000664) mice were obtained from The Jackson Laboratory. The following strains were also purchased from The Jackson Laboratory: Il21-VFP (B6.Cg-Il21tm1.1Hm/DcrJ, JAX, 030295)35, Il21r-knockout (B6.129-Il21rtm1Kopf/J, JAX, 019115)36, OT-II (B6.Cg-Tg(TcraTcrb)425Cbn/J, JAX, 004194)37, MD4 (C57BL/6-Tg(IghelMD4)4Ccg/J, JAX:002595)38, Jchain-creERT2 (B6(129)-Jchainem1(icre/ERT2)Deep/J, JAX, 035764)39, ROSA-DTA (B6.129P2-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm1(DTA)Lky/J, JAX, 009669)40, Ai9 (B6.Cg-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm9(CAG-tdTomato)Hze/J, JAX, 007909)41, Thy1.1 (B6.PL-Thy1a/CyJ, JAX, 000406), AID-cre
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Weng, C. et al. Deciphering cell states and genealogies of human haematopoiesis. Nature 627, 389–398 (2024). Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Ludwig, L. S. et al. Lineage tracing in humans enabled by mitochondrial mutations and single-cell genomics. Cell 176, 1325–1339.e22 (2019). Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Chapman, M. et al.
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Lareau, C. A., Chapman, M. S., Penter, L., Nawy, T. & Pe’er, D. Artefacts in single-cell mtDNA analyses misinform phylogenies. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10777-0 (2026). Article PubMed Google Scholar Weng, C. et al. Deciphering cell states and genealogies of human hematopoiesis. Nature 627, 389–398 (2024). Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar Salk, J. J., Schmitt,
Bacterial strains All strains for the experiments were grown in lysogeny broth (LB) Lennox and the required antibiotics and incubated at 37 °C with shaking. E. coli K-12 (BW25113)72 was used for most biological analyses, and the BL21-AI or NEB5α strains were used for protein purification and cloning, respectively. The use of the ECOREF53 strain collection