Bashor, C. J., Hilton, I. B., Bandukwala, H., Smith, D. M. & Veiseh, O. Engineering the next generation of cell-based therapeutics. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 21, 655–675 (2022).Thank you for reading this post, don’t forget to subscribe! Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Zhou, Y. et al. A small and highly sensitive red/far-red optogenetic
Bashor, C. J., Hilton, I. B., Bandukwala, H., Smith, D. M. & Veiseh, O. Engineering the next generation of cell-based therapeutics. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 21, 655–675 (2022).
Thank you for reading this post, don't forget to subscribe!Google Scholar
Zhou, Y. et al. A small and highly sensitive red/far-red optogenetic switch for applications in mammals. Nat. Biotechnol. 40, 262–272 (2022).
Google Scholar
Xie, M. et al. β-cell-mimetic designer cells provide closed-loop glycemic control. Science 354, 1296–1301 (2016).
Google Scholar
Roden, M. & Shulman, G. I. The integrative biology of type 2 diabetes. Nature 576, 51–60 (2019).
Google Scholar
Atkinson, M. A., Eisenbarth, G. S. & Michels, A. W. Type 1 diabetes. Lancet 383, 69–82 (2014).
Google Scholar
Chatterjee, S., Khunti, K. & Davies, M. J. Type 2 diabetes. Lancet 389, 2239–2251 (2017).
Google Scholar
Chaudhury, A. et al. Clinical review of antidiabetic drugs: implications for type 2 diabetes mellitus management. Front. Endocrinol. 8, 6 (2017).
Google Scholar
Rosenstock, J. et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet 398, 143–155 (2021).
Google Scholar
Parks, M. & Rosebraugh, C. Weighing risks and benefits of liraglutide–the FDA’s review of a new antidiabetic therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 362, 774–777 (2010).
Google Scholar
Zheng, S. L. et al. Association between use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors with all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 319, 1580–1591 (2018).
Google Scholar
Singh, S. et al. Glucagonlike peptide 1-based therapies and risk of hospitalization for acute pancreatitis in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based matched case-control study. JAMA Intern. Med. 173, 534–539 (2013).
Google Scholar
Pagliuca, F. W. et al. Generation of functional human pancreatic β cells in vitro. Cell 159, 428–439 (2014).
Google Scholar
Cubillos-Ruiz, A. et al. Engineering living therapeutics with synthetic biology. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 20, 941–960 (2021).
Google Scholar
Riglar, D. T. et al. Engineered bacteria can function in the mammalian gut long-term as live diagnostics of inflammation. Nat. Biotechnol. 35, 653–658 (2017).
Google Scholar
Courbet, A., Endy, D., Renard, E., Molina, F. & Bonnet, J. Detection of pathological biomarkers in human clinical samples via amplifying genetic switches and logic gates. Sci. Transl. Med. 7, 289ra283 (2015).
Google Scholar
Isabella, V. M. et al. Development of a synthetic live bacterial therapeutic for the human metabolic disease phenylketonuria. Nat. Biotechnol. 36, 857–864 (2018).
Google Scholar
Gao, X. et al. Designer probiotic-based living drugs for uric acid homeostasis control in hyperuricemic mice and rats. Cell Rep. Med. 6, 102379 (2025).
Google Scholar
Aggarwal, N. et al. Engineered commensals for metabolic modulation of the gut–liver–brain axis. Cell https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2026.03.048 (2026).
Google Scholar
Pedrolli, D. B., Ribeiro, N. V., Squizato, P. N., de Jesus, V. N. & Cozetto, D. A. Engineering microbial living therapeutics: the synthetic biology toolbox. Trends Biotechnol. 37, 100–115 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kim, J., Jeon, C. O. & Park, W. Dual regulation of zwf-1 by both 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate and oxidative stress in Pseudomonas putida. Microbiology 154, 3905–3916 (2008).
Google Scholar
Daddaoua, A., Krell, T. & Ramos, J. L. Regulation of glucose metabolism in Pseudomonas: the phosphorylative branch and entner-doudoroff enzymes are regulated by a repressor containing a sugar isomerase domain. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 21360–21368 (2009).
Google Scholar
Meyer, M. M. The role of mRNA structure in bacterial translational regulation. WIREs RNA https://doi.org/10.1002/wrna.1370 (2017).
Google Scholar
Pippitt, K., Li, M. & Gurgle, H. E. Diabetes mellitus: screening and diagnosis. Am. Fam. Physician 93, 103–109 (2016).
Google Scholar
De la Paz, E. et al. A self-powered ingestible wireless biosensing system for real-time in situ monitoring of gastrointestinal tract metabolites. Nat. Commun. 13, 7405 (2022).
Google Scholar
Ye, H., Daoud-El Baba, M., Peng, R.-W. & Fussenegger, M. A synthetic optogenetic transcription device enhances blood-glucose homeostasis in mice. Science 332, 1565–1568 (2011).
Google Scholar
Yoon, S. H., Kim, S. K. & Kim, J. F. Secretory production of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. Recent Pat. Biotechnol. 4, 23–29 (2010).
Google Scholar
Donnelly, D. The structure and function of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and its ligands. Br. J. Pharmacol. 166, 27–41 (2012).
Google Scholar
Zhang, T., Perkins, M. H., Chang, H., Han, W. & de Araujo, I. E. An inter-organ neural circuit for appetite suppression. Cell 185, 2478–2494.e2428 (2022).
Google Scholar
Jastreboff, A. M. et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N. Engl. J. Med. 387, 205–216 (2022).
Google Scholar
Ludwig, M. Q. et al. A genetic map of the mouse dorsal vagal complex and its role in obesity. Nat. Metab. 3, 530–545 (2021).
Google Scholar
Tanase, D. M. et al. The intricate relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin resistance (IR), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). J. Diabetes Res. 2020, 3920196 (2020).
Google Scholar
Maconi, G. et al. Glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus in ulcerative colitis: pathogenetic and therapeutic implications. World J. Gastroenterol. 20, 3507–3515 (2014).
Google Scholar
Xu, J. et al. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii-derived microbial anti-inflammatory molecule regulates intestinal integrity in diabetes mellitus mice via modulating tight junction protein expression. J. Diabetes 12, 224–236 (2020).
Google Scholar
Duan, Y. et al. Bacteriophage targeting of gut bacterium attenuates alcoholic liver disease. Nature 575, 505–511 (2019).
Google Scholar
Just, S. et al. The gut microbiota drives the impact of bile acids and fat source in diet on mouse metabolism. Microbiome 6, 134 (2018).
Google Scholar
Bisanz, J. E., Upadhyay, V., Turnbaugh, J. A., Ly, K. & Turnbaugh, P. J. Meta-analysis reveals reproducible gut microbiome alterations in response to a high-fat diet. Cell Host Microbe 26, 265–272.e264 (2019).
Google Scholar
Shi, J. et al. Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917-derived outer membrane vesicles modulate the intestinal microbiome and host gut-liver metabolome in obese and diabetic mice. Front. Microbiol. 14, 1219763 (2023).
Google Scholar
Kosiborod, M. N. et al. Semaglutide in patients with obesity-related heart failure and type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 390, 1394–1407 (2024).
Google Scholar
Fineman, M. S., Cirincione, B. B., Maggs, D. & Diamant, M. GLP-1 based therapies: differential effects on fasting and postprandial glucose. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 14, 675–688 (2012).
Google Scholar
Wang, L. et al. Engineered bacteria of MG1363–pMG36e–GLP-1 attenuated obesity-induced by high fat diet in mice. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 11, 595575 (2021).
Google Scholar
Agarwal, P., Khatri, P., Billack, B., Low, W. K. & Shao, J. Oral delivery of glucagon like peptide-1 by a recombinant Lactococcus lactis. Pharm. Res. 31, 3404–3414 (2014).
Google Scholar
Snoeck, S., Guidi, C. & De Mey, M. “Metabolic burden” explained: stress symptoms and its related responses induced by (over)expression of (heterologous) proteins in Escherichia coli. Microb. Cell Fact. 23, 96 (2024).
Google Scholar
Kim, J. A. & Yoo, H. J. Exploring the side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonist: to ensure its optimal positioning. Diabetes Metab. J. 49, 525–541 (2025).
Google Scholar
Holst, J. J., Andersen, D. B. & Grunddal, K. V. Actions of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor ligands in the gut. Br. J. Pharmacol. 179, 727–742 (2022).
Google Scholar
Beutler, L. R. GLP-1 physiology and pharmacology along the gut–brain axis. JCI https://doi.org/10.1172/jci194744 (2026).
Google Scholar
Chua, K. J., Kwok, W. C., Aggarwal, N., Sun, T. & Chang, M. W. Designer probiotics for the prevention and treatment of human diseases. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 40, 8–16 (2017).
Google Scholar
Zheng, D. W. et al. Prebiotics-encapsulated probiotic spores regulate gut microbiota and suppress colon cancer. Adv. Mater. 32, e2004529 (2020).
Google Scholar
Sorbara, M. T. & Pamer, E. G. Microbiome-based therapeutics. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 20, 365–380 (2022).
Google Scholar
Miyazaki, K. et al. The usefulness of HbA1c measurement in diabetic mouse models using various devices. Exp. Anim. 74, 319–327 (2025).
Google Scholar
Nougayrède, J. P. et al. Escherichia coli induces DNA double-strand breaks in eukaryotic cells. Science 313, 848–851 (2006).
Google Scholar
Serena, C. et al. Elevated circulating levels of succinate in human obesity are linked to specific gut microbiota. ISME J. 12, 1642–1657 (2018).
Google Scholar
Bourgonje, A. R., Connelly, M. A., van Goor, H., van Dijk, P. R. & Dullaart, R. P. F. Plasma citrate levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes (Zodiac-64). J. Clin. Med. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12206670 (2023).
Google Scholar
Landon, J., Fawcett, J. K. & Wynn, V. Blood pyruvate concentration measured by a specific method in control subjects. J. Clin. Pathol. 15, 579–584 (1962).
Google Scholar
Belenguer, A. et al. Impact of pH on lactate formation and utilization by human fecal microbial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 6526–6533 (2007).
Google Scholar
Robergs, R. A. & Griffin, S. E. Glycerol. Biochemistry, pharmacokinetics and clinical and practical applications. Sports Med. 26, 145–167 (1998).
Google Scholar
Nelson, J. L., Harmon, M. E. & Robergs, R. A. Identifying plasma glycerol concentration associated with urinary glycerol excretion in trained humans. J. Anal. Toxicol. 35, 617–623 (2011).
Google Scholar
Merino, B., Fernández-Díaz, C. M., Cózar-Castellano, I. & Perdomo, G. Intestinal fructose and glucose metabolism in health and disease. Nutrients https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010094 (2019).
Google Scholar
Berry, G. T. Classic galactosemia and clinical variant galactosemia. GeneReviews https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1518/ (2021).
Yang, J. et al. An oral “super probiotics” with versatile self-assembly adventitia for enhanced intestinal colonization by autonomous regulating the pathological microenvironment. Chem. Eng. J. 446, 137204 (2022).
Google Scholar
Long, F. et al. A low-carbohydrate diet induces hepatic insulin resistance and metabolic associated fatty liver disease in mice. Mol. Metab. 69, 101675 (2023).
Google Scholar
Gilbert, E. R., Fu, Z. & Liu, D. Development of a nongenetic mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Exp. Diabetes Res. 2011, 416254 (2011).
Google Scholar
Mu, Y. et al. Efficacy and safety of once weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg for weight management in a predominantly east Asian population with overweight or obesity (STEP 7): a double-blind, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 12, 184–195 (2024).
Google Scholar
Garcia, J., Kimeldorf, D. J. & Koelling, R. A. Conditioned aversion to saccharin resulting from exposure to gamma radiation. Science 122, 157–158 (1955).
Google Scholar
For more tech updates, stay tuned to our blog.
