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Mice All animal procedures were approved by and performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at Washington University in St. Louis. Mice were housed in a specific-pathogen-free (SPF) facility managed by the Division of Comparative Medicine at Washington University School of Medicine, which is fully accredited by
Protein extraction Proteins were extracted from bone powder of Xujiayao hominin samples and animal samples from the same layer (Supplementary Tables 1 and 9) using previously published methods61,62. All sample preparations were performed using personal protective equipment in the dedicated clean room for ancient protein analysis in the Molecular Paleontology Laboratory, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology
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