Ethics The work reported on TwinsUK samples was carried out with informed consent under TwinsUK BioBank ethics, approved by the North West–Liverpool Central Research Ethics Committee (REC reference 19/NW/0187), IRAS ID 258513 and earlier approvals granted to TwinsUK by the St Thomas’ Hospital Research Ethics Committee, later the London–Westminster Research Ethics Committee (REC reference EC04/015).
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tRNA in vitro production Oligonucleotides containing tRNA under a T7 promoter and followed by an HDV ribozyme61 were synthesized by IDT as high-fidelity DNA microchip oligo pools from 254–275 nucleotides in length, and dsDNA was amplified in a single PCR reaction for each pool. These tRNA pools included 48 unique E. coli isoacceptor tRNAs with